J&K Governance at a Crossroads: Rethinking Demolitions and Re‑Centering Inclusive Development

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Introduction

The debate over governance in Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) has intensified in recent years, shaped by shifting administrative priorities, evolving security concerns, and the aspirations of a diverse population. Among the voices calling for a recalibration of policy is former Chief Minister Omar Abdullah, who has urged authorities to adopt a more inclusive, community‑centered approach rather than relying on punitive measures such as large‑scale demolitions. His remarks, though brief in public reporting, touch on a deeper and long‑standing tension in the region: the struggle to balance enforcement with engagement, and security with socio‑economic development.

This article examines the broader implications of Abdullah’s appeal, situating it within the historical context of governance in J&K, analyzing the socio‑economic conditions that shape public sentiment, and exploring how alternative strategies could foster stability and long‑term growth. The focus is not on the political rhetoric itself, but on the structural realities that make inclusive governance not only desirable but essential.

Main Analysis: Governance, Demolitions, and the Imperative of Inclusion

Historical Context of Governance in J&K

Governance in Jammu & Kashmir has always been complex, influenced by decades of conflict, administrative restructuring, and shifting political landscapes. Since the early 1990s, policies have often prioritized security and territorial control, sometimes at the expense of community participation. While these measures were justified by authorities as necessary for maintaining order, they also contributed to a widening trust deficit between residents and the state.

The abrogation of Article 370 in 2019 marked a significant turning point, bringing J&K under direct central administration and triggering a wave of new policies aimed at land regulation, infrastructure expansion, and urban planning. In this environment, demolition drives—targeting structures deemed illegal or unsafe—became more frequent. Government data from 2022–2024 suggests that several hundred homes and commercial establishments were demolished across various districts, often sparking protests and allegations of selective enforcement.

The Limits of Demolition‑Driven Governance

Abdullah’s critique of demolition campaigns reflects a growing concern that such actions, while legally justified in some cases, may undermine long‑term stability. Demolitions are typically framed as tools to curb encroachment, prevent illegal construction, or deter activities deemed harmful to public order. However, their impact on communities can be severe, especially in regions where land ownership records are inconsistent and economic vulnerability is widespread.

Studies conducted by independent policy groups in 2023 found that demolition‑related displacement disproportionately affected low‑income families, many of whom lacked formal documentation despite living on the land for decades. In districts such as Budgam and Anantnag, residents reported losing homes built through years of savings, with limited access to rehabilitation or legal recourse. These incidents deepen mistrust and reinforce perceptions of governance as punitive rather than participatory.

Socio‑Economic Realities: Why Inclusion Matters

The call for inclusive governance is rooted in the socio‑economic challenges that continue to shape life in J&K. Unemployment remains a pressing issue, with estimates from 2024 placing the jobless rate between 12% and 15%—significantly higher than the national average. Youth unemployment is even more alarming, with some surveys indicating rates above 20%.

Economic stagnation is compounded by limited industrial growth, restricted private investment, and infrastructural gaps in rural areas. In such a context, punitive measures like demolitions can exacerbate hardship rather than address underlying issues. Abdullah’s emphasis on “taking people along” reflects a governance philosophy that prioritizes dialogue, transparency, and shared responsibility—elements that are crucial for rebuilding trust and fostering development.

Policy Alternatives: Development Over Deterrence

A shift toward inclusive governance would require a reorientation of policy priorities. Instead of relying heavily on demolition drives, authorities could invest in:

• Regularization Programs: Offering pathways for residents to legalize long‑standing structures through documentation support and affordable fees.
• Community‑Based Urban Planning: Involving local councils, civil society groups, and residents in land‑use decisions.
• Youth‑Focused Economic Initiatives: Expanding vocational training, entrepreneurship grants, and public‑private partnerships to reduce unemployment.
• Transparent Enforcement Mechanisms: Ensuring that any demolition orders are accompanied by clear notices, legal assistance, and rehabilitation options.

These strategies align with global best practices. For example, cities in Indonesia and Brazil have successfully reduced illegal construction by combining enforcement with community engagement and affordable housing schemes. J&K could benefit from similar models, adapted to its unique cultural and geographic landscape.

Examples and Regional Impact

District‑Level Case Studies

In 2023, a demolition drive in Srinagar’s outskirts targeted nearly 150 structures, many belonging to families who had lived there for over 30 years. While authorities argued that the land was encroached upon, residents claimed they had repeatedly sought formal documentation but received no response. The incident triggered protests and highlighted the administrative gaps that often precede demolition orders.

Conversely, in Baramulla district, a pilot regularization program launched in late 2022 helped more than 1,200 households obtain legal status for their homes. The initiative involved collaboration between municipal authorities and local community leaders, demonstrating how inclusive approaches can reduce conflict and improve compliance.

Economic Implications

Demolition‑driven governance can also affect local economies. Small businesses operating from informal structures—such as roadside shops, workshops, and kiosks—are often demolished without adequate relocation plans. This disrupts livelihoods and reduces local commerce. A 2024 survey by a Srinagar‑based economic forum found that demolition‑related business losses exceeded ₹40 crore across three districts.

In contrast, development‑oriented policies have shown positive outcomes. The expansion of rural road networks under the PMGSY program increased market access for farmers in Kupwara and Kulgam, boosting agricultural incomes by an estimated 18% between 2021 and 2023. These examples illustrate how investment, rather than punitive action, can generate sustainable growth.

Conclusion

Omar Abdullah’s call for inclusive governance is not merely a political statement—it is a reminder of the foundational principles required for long‑term stability in Jammu & Kashmir. Demolitions may offer short‑term administrative control, but they cannot substitute for policies that address unemployment, economic stagnation, and community mistrust. The region’s future depends on governance models that prioritize dialogue, transparency, and development over deterrence.

As J&K continues to navigate its evolving administrative landscape, the challenge for policymakers is clear: build systems that empower residents rather than alienate them. Inclusive governance is not just a moral imperative—it is a practical necessity for ensuring peace, prosperity, and resilience in one of India’s most complex regions.